दो उदाहरण देकर समझाइए कि जैवप्रौद्योगिकी ने भारतीय किसानों को उनकी नाशवान् फसलों के प्रसंस्करण में कैसे सहायता की है।
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Explain by giving two examples, how biotechnology has helped the Indian farmers in processing their perishable crops.
🧭 How to think about this question · directive: “explain”
Decode the demand
- Directive 'explain by giving two examples': show the mechanism (how a living cell or its enzyme changes a perishable crop) and prove it with two concrete uses; the examples carry most of the marks.
- The issue in one line: fruit and vegetables rot before they reach a buyer; biotechnology converts that surplus into products that keep and sell.
- Three things to answer: what the biotech tool does, how it helps the farmer (less loss, more value, longer shelf life), and two named examples with real Indian uses.
- The trap: writing about Bt cotton or GM crops, which is cultivation, not processing; or listing five tools without explaining any. Keep it post-harvest.
Think in a structure
- Open with the size of post-harvest loss (one verified number) and a one-line meaning of biotechnology, then turn to how it helps.
- One heading per example: enzymes for juice and pulp; microbial fermentation and bio-preservation. Each point: tool, what it does, farmer gain, with a real place or product as a sub-point.
- One hub to show the range of tools, one small table for wider gains, so the examiner sees breadth without long paragraphs.
- End positively with what a district officer can do using existing schemes, and anchor the close on PMFME's One District One Product, the verified scheme that funds exactly these units.
Facts checked at source (3)· open
- MoFPI commissioned NABCONS in 2022 to measure post-harvest losses of agri-produce across India, with 2020-22 as the reference period.PIB — NABCONS Study Assesses Post-Harvest Losses Across 54 Crops During 2020–22 (Ministry of Food Processing Industries) ↗“The Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) had commissioned a study through NABARD Consultancy Services Pvt. Ltd. (NABCONS), namely, “Study to determine Post harvest losses of Agri Produce in India” in 2022 with reference year 2020-22.”
- The NABCONS study (2022) estimated post-harvest losses of 7.36 million tonnes of fruits and 11.97 million tonnes of vegetables.PIB — NABCONS Study Assesses Post-Harvest Losses Across 54 Crops During 2020–22 (Ministry of Food Processing Industries) ↗“Category wise losses in quantity Category Quantity lost (Million MT) As per NABCONS study (2022) Cereals 12.49 Pulses 1.37 Oil Seeds 2.11 Fruits 7.36 Vegetables 11.97”
- The PMFME scheme, launched under Atmanirbhar Bharat with ₹10,000 crore, supports 2 lakh micro food processing enterprises on a One District One Product approach.PIB — PMFME Scheme launched under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan with an outlay of Rs 10,000 crore ↗“launched under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan with an outlay of Rs. 10,000 Crore supports 2 lakh micro food processing enterprises following One District One Product (ODOP) approach”
Question: UPSC's CS (Main) 2026, GS Paper III — paper ↗. Guidance: Minimalist IAS, checked 8 Nov 2026 (how we verify). ·
Model answer· 386words · Minimalist IAS
Fruits and vegetables begin losing value within hours of harvest: the NABCONS study (2022) for MoFPI found 7.36 million tonnes of fruits and 11.97 million tonnes of vegetables lost after harvest. Biotechnology, the use of living cells and their enzymes, lets farmers turn this surplus into products that keep.
How biotechnology aids processing of perishables
Biotech in processing: enzymes; starter cultures; bio-preservatives; biocontrol microbes; tissue-culture planting material; waste-to-value
Example 1: enzymes that convert gluts into juice and pulp
- Pectinase and cellulase: microbial enzymes dissolve fruit cell walls, so mango, guava and citrus give more juice with better clarity.
- Glut to pulp: a seasonal glut becomes pulp, concentrate or jam that sells all year instead of rotting at the mandi.
- Mango pulp units around Chittoor and Ratnagiri buy from farmer groups each summer.
- Amylase for flours: starch-splitting enzymes turn surplus banana and potato into stable flours and snacks.
Example 2: microbial fermentation and bio-preservation
- Starter cultures: selected yeasts and lactic acid bacteria turn surplus produce into vinegar, wine, pickles and probiotic drinks with months of shelf life.
- Nashik grape growers ferment table-grape surplus into wine, earning more than fresh sale in a glut year.
- Bacteriocins and chitosan coatings: natural antimicrobial films slow spoilage on fruit without chemical residues.
- Biocontrol: antagonistic yeasts suppress storage rots in cold rooms, cutting losses before processing.
- Low capital: fermentation needs vessels and cultures, not heavy machinery, so it suits farm-gate and SHG units.
Wider gains for the farmer
| Tool | Farmer gain |
|---|---|
| Tissue-culture banana, processing-grade potato | uniform produce that industry accepts |
| Pectin and enzymes extracted from peels and pomace | income from what was waste |
| Biogas from processing residue | energy for the farm-gate unit |
What a district officer can do
- Enzyme and culture kits to FPOs: demonstration units with the Krishi Vigyan Kendra under DBT's Biotech-KISAN approach.
- Fund farm-gate units: PMFME (₹10,000 crore, 2 lakh micro units, One District One Product) credit-linked subsidy for enzyme and fermentation lines.
- Cold chain before processing: PM Kisan SAMPADA Yojana pack-houses so perishables reach the unit fresh.
- Testing and labels: a district lab for microbial safety so fermented products enter organised retail.
Carrying enzymes and starter cultures to the farm gate under PMFME's One District One Product approach converts post-harvest loss into farmer income, the shift from grower to processor that Viksit Bharat 2047 asks of Indian agriculture.
Prepared by Minimalist IAS to the answer standard of Shivam Singh (mentor, 7 years) · facts checked against official sources (how we verify) · updated 8 Nov 2026. UPSC publishes no model answers: compare your structure and coverage with this, then write your own.
