उपर्युक्त परिच्छेद के संदर्भ में, निम्नलिखित पूर्वधारणाएँ बनाई गई हैं :
- 1.आधुनिक लोकतंत्र बाज़ार की शक्तियों पर निर्भर करते हैं ताकि वे कल्याणकारी राज्य बन सकें ।
- 2.लोकतंत्रों को प्रभावी बनाने के लिए आवश्यक पर्याप्त आर्थिक वृद्धि को बाज़ार सुनिश्चित करते हैं ।
- 3.आर्थिक विकास में पीछे छूट गए लोगों के लिए सरकारी कार्यक्रमों की आवश्यकता है ।
उपर्युक्त में से कौन-सी पूर्वधारणा/पूर्वधारणाएँ मान्य है/हैं ?
Read this question in English
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Modern democracies rely on the market forces to enable them to be welfare states.
2. Markets ensure sufficient economic growth necessary for democracies to be effective.
3. Government programmes are needed for those left behind in economic growth.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 and 3 only · (b) 3 only · (c) 2 and 3 only · (d) 1, 2 and 3
उत्तर और व्याख्या · explanation in English
Answer: (b) केवल 3
Markets reward endowments and skills, but some people are too poor or handicapped to benefit, and capitalism has bursts of unemployment. The passage therefore assumes welfare cannot be left entirely to markets — government programmes are needed for those left behind.
- ✗ 1. The passage stresses a 'built-in tension between markets and democracy' and asks why welfare cannot be left to markets; it does not say democracies rely on markets to be welfare states.
- ✗ 2. Markets 'may' help, but 'capitalism has always witnessed bursts of unemployment' — the passage does not claim markets ensure sufficient growth.
- ✓ 3. Some people 'never get the opportunity to develop skills that markets demand', so a democracy cannot avoid welfare — state support for those left behind is assumed.
Remember · A passage that lists what markets cannot do assumes a role for the state; it does not assume markets deliver what it doubts.
Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper II (2021, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). ·