निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा कथन उपर्युक्त परिच्छेद के मर्म को सर्वोत्तम रूप से दर्शाता है ?
Read this question in English
Which one of the following statements best reflects the crux of the passage given above?
(a) Human societies experiment with different forms of governments. · (b) Any form of government tends to deteriorate by excess of its basic principle. · (c) Education of all citizens ensures a perfect, functional and sustainable democracy. · (d) Having a government is a necessary evil because tyranny is inherent in any form of government.
उत्तर और व्याख्या · explanation in English
Answer: (b) अपने मूलभूत सिद्धांत के अतिरेक के कारण शासन के किसी भी रूप का अपकर्ष हो जाता है ।
Plato shows aristocracy, oligarchy and democracy each ruining itself by overdoing the very principle that defines it — democracy 'by excess of democracy'. That shared pattern is the crux, option (b).
- ✗ (a) True in general but not the point; the passage explains how each form destroys itself.
- ✓ (b) Aristocracy narrows power too far, oligarchy scrambles for wealth, and democracy 'ruins itself by excess of democracy' — each through excess of its own principle.
- ✗ (c) The passage blames poor education for democracy's failure but never claims education 'ensures' a perfect democracy.
- ✗ (d) 'Necessary evil' is not stated; tyranny arises from excess, not as something inherent in every government.
Remember · When a passage runs parallel examples, the crux is the pattern they share, not any single example.
Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper II (2021, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). ·