Minimalist IAS
Modern India & the freedom struggle

Prelims · Modern India & the freedom struggle · 7 questions

Post-independence India

Every UPSC Prelims question on this topic, 2016–2026, newest first. Tap an option to check yourself; the answer and explanation open below it.

Post-independence India questions per year: 2016: 0, 2017: 0, 2018: 2, 2019: 0, 2020: 0, 2021: 0, 2022: 0, 2023: 0, 2024: 1, 2025: 1, 2026: 0 Asked in 3 of 11 years · most in 2018 (2)

UPSC syllabus: “History of India and Indian National Movement.” See the full syllabus →

Consider the following pairs:

StateDescription
I.Arunachal PradeshThe capital is named after a fort, and the State has two National Parks
II.NagalandThe State came into existence on the basis of a Constitutional Amendment Act
III.TripuraInitially a Part ‘C’ State, it became a centrally administered territory with the reorganization of States in 1956 and later attained the status of a full-fledged State

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (c) All the three

UPSC's official answer: (c) · the answer UPSC accepted, and the one that counts in the exam

Also defensible: (b)

  • Pairs I and III are plainly right: Itanagar is named after Ita Fort and Arunachal has two National Parks (Namdapha and Mouling); Tripura went from Part C State to Union Territory in 1956 and to full statehood in 1972.
  • Pair II says Nagaland 'came into existence on the basis of a Constitutional Amendment Act'. The State was in fact formed by an ordinary law under Article 3, the State of Nagaland Act, 1962: 'An Act to provide for the formation of the State of Nagaland and for matters connected therewith'.
  • The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962 did something else: it inserted Article 371A's special provisions for the new State, and its own Statement of Objects says 'A separate Bill for the formation of the new State relatable to article 3 is also being introduced'. On this strict reading pair II is wrong and the answer is (b).
  • UPSC's key links Nagaland's creation to the Thirteenth Amendment, passed in the same session to give effect to the 16-point agreement and commonly listed as the amendment that made Nagaland a State, so it counts all three: (c).

UPSC's key counts pair II, linking Nagaland's statehood to the Thirteenth Amendment; strictly, the State was formed by the State of Nagaland Act under Article 3, which gives (b). In the exam, treat Nagaland's statehood as resting on the Thirteenth Amendment, as UPSC does.

This box is Minimalist IAS's analysis, with its sources; it does not change UPSC's answer.

UPSC's key counts all three pairs as correct. Itanagar is named after Ita Fort and Arunachal has two National Parks; Nagaland's statehood rests on the Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962, which gave the new State its special provisions; and Tripura went from a Part C State to a Union Territory in 1956 and a full State in 1972.

  • ✓ I Itanagar takes its name from Ita Fort ('the fort of bricks'). Arunachal's two National Parks are Namdapha (1972) and Mouling (1986).
  • ✓ II Nagaland became a State on 1 December 1963. The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962 was passed with the State of Nagaland Act, 1962 to give effect to the 16-point agreement with the Naga People's Convention, inserting Article 371A for the new State; UPSC treats this amendment as the basis on which the State came into being.
  • ✓ III Tripura was a Part C State after 1950, became a Union Territory with the reorganisation of States in 1956, and became a full State on 21 January 1972 through the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.

Remember · Itanagar = Ita Fort; Nagaland statehood 1963 (Art. 371A via 13th Amendment); Tripura: Part C State, then UT in 1956, then State on 21 January 1972.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2025, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 1 Oct 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Consider the following pairs:

PartyIts Leader
1.Bharatiya Jana SanghDr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
2.Socialist PartyC. Rajagopalachari
3.Congress for DemocracyJagjivan Ram
4.Swatantra PartyAcharya Narendra Dev

How many of the above are correctly matched?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (b) Only two

Pairs 1 and 3 are correct: Shyama Prasad Mukherjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1951, and Jagjivan Ram led the Congress for Democracy. In pairs 2 and 4 the leaders are swapped: C. Rajagopalachari led the Swatantra Party, while Acharya Narendra Dev was a socialist leader.

  • ✓ 1. The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was formed in 1951 with Shyama Prasad Mukherjee as its founder-President.
  • ✗ 2. C. Rajagopalachari is associated with the Swatantra Party. He is not among the socialist leaders NCERT names, such as Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Rammanohar Lohia.
  • ✓ 3. Some Congress leaders left the party under Jagjivan Ram's leadership and formed the Congress for Democracy, which later merged with the Janata Party.
  • ✗ 4. Acharya Narendra Dev was among the leaders of the socialist parties. The Swatantra Party, formed in 1959, was led by C. Rajagopalachari.

Remember · Jana Sangh: Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (1951). Congress for Democracy: Jagjivan Ram. Swatantra Party: C. Rajagopalachari (1959). Narendra Dev: socialist.

📘 Read it in NCERT: Class 12 Politics in India since Independence, Ch 2 (practise this chapter) · Class 12 Politics in India since Independence, Ch 6 (practise this chapter) · Class 12 Politics in India since Independence, Ch 2 (practise this chapter)

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2024, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

With reference to land reforms in independent India, which one of the following statements is correct?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (b) The major aim of land reforms was providing agricultural land to all the landless.

Land reforms after 1947 sought equity: abolish intermediaries, make the tiller the owner, and cap holdings so that surplus land could go to the landless. That redistributive aim is option (b); the other three statements are factually wrong.

  • ✓ (b) The reforms aimed to give ownership to those who actually tilled the land and to cut the concentration of land in a few hands, with ceiling-surplus land meant for the landless and rural poor.
  • ✗ (a) A ceiling fixes the maximum land a person may own; it was applied to individuals as well as to families (many states later used the family as the unit), so 'not individual holdings' is wrong.
  • ✗ (d) State ceiling Acts carried exemptions; the Tamil Nadu Act, for instance, exempted existing plantations and certain orchards and gardens.

Remember · Land reform pillars: abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reform, land ceilings (with state-wise exemptions such as plantations) and redistribution of surplus land to the landless.

📘 Read it in NCERT: Class 11 Indian Economic Development, Ch 2 (practise this chapter)

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2019, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Consider the following statements:

  1. 1.Coal sector was nationalized by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi.
  2. 2.Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis.
  3. 3.Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (a) 1 only

Only statement 1 is correct. Coking coal mines were nationalised in 1971-72 and non-coking coal mines in 1973, while Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister. Coal blocks are given out by competitive auction, not by lottery, and India still imports coal.

  • ✓ 1. The Central Government nationalised private coal mines in two phases: coking coal mines in 1971-72 and non-coking coal mines in 1973 (Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973). Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977.
  • ✗ 2. Blocks are now allotted through competitive bidding, that is auctions, conducted by the Nominated Authority under the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015. There is no lottery.
  • ✗ 3. India is not self-sufficient. It still imports coking coal and high-grade thermal coal that its domestic reserves do not supply in sufficient quantity.

Remember · Coal was nationalised in 1971-73 under Indira Gandhi; blocks are now auctioned (not lotteried), and India still imports coking coal.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2019, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Consider the following statements:

  1. 1.In the first Lok Sabha, the single largest party in the opposition was the Swatantra Party.
  2. 2.In the Lok Sabha, a "Leader of the Opposition" was recognised for the first time in 1969.
  3. 3.In the Lok Sabha, if a party does not have a minimum of 75 members, its leader cannot be recognised as the Leader of the Opposition.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (b) 2 only

Only the 1969 statement stands. The Communist Party of India, with 16 seats, was the largest opposition party in the first Lok Sabha, and the threshold for recognising a party (and so its leader) is one-tenth of the House, not 75 members.

  • ✗ 1. In the first general election (1951–52) the CPI won 16 seats and became the largest opposition party. The Swatantra Party did not yet exist; it was founded in 1959.
  • ✓ 2. Until 1969 the opposition had no formally recognised leader in the Lok Sabha. After the Congress split, Ram Subhag Singh of the Congress (O) was recognised in December 1969; the post got statutory backing in 1977.
  • ✗ 3. The Speaker's Direction 121 requires a party to have at least the quorum strength, i.e. one-tenth of the House's members (about 55), not 75.

Remember · Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha: first recognised 1969 (Ram Subhag Singh); statutory since the 1977 Act; party needs one-tenth of the House (about 55 members).

📘 Read it in NCERT: Class 12 Politics in India since Independence, Ch 2 (practise this chapter)

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2018, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha” established in 1948?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (d) Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam and G.G. Mehta

The Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) was formed in December 1948 by socialists who had broken away from the Congress and the AITUC, and Ashok Mehta, named in option (d), was one of its founders and its first General Secretary. Option (d) is the only one that names him.

  • ✓ (d) Ashok Mehta, a founder-member of the Congress Socialist Party, is recorded in his Lok Sabha biography as founder and first General Secretary of the HMS. T.S. Ramanujam and G.G. Mehta are the other names in UPSC's key; no official page was found that names them.
  • ✗ (a) This list does not include Ashok Mehta, the HMS founder confirmed in an official record.
  • ✗ (b) This list does not include Ashok Mehta, the HMS founder confirmed in an official record.
  • ✗ (c) This list does not include Ashok Mehta, the HMS founder confirmed in an official record.

Remember · HMS: formed December 1948 by socialists (Ashok Mehta, first General Secretary). INTUC (1947, Congress), AITUC (1920), HMS (1948, socialists).

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2018, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 1 Oct 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Consider the following events:

  1. 1.The first democratically elected communist party government formed in a State in India.
  2. 2.India’s then largest bank, ‘Imperial Bank of India’, was renamed ‘State Bank of India’.
  3. 3.Air India was nationalised and became the national carrier.
  4. 4.Goa became a part of independent India.

Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence of the above events?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (b) 3 – 2 – 1 – 4

The order is Air India (1953), State Bank of India (July 1955), the Kerala communist government (1957) and Goa (December 1961), so the sequence is 3-2-1-4. Fixing the years of these four landmarks of the 1950s and early 1960s settles the question.

  • • 3. Air India was created under the Air Corporations Act, 1953, when the government nationalised air transport. This is the earliest event.
  • • 2. The Imperial Bank of India passed into state ownership and became the State Bank of India in July 1955.
  • • 1. In the March 1957 elections in Kerala the Communist Party won the most seats, and E. M. S. Namboodiripad formed a ministry. It was the first communist government to come to power through elections.
  • • 4. Goa, Diu and Daman were liberated by the Indian army in December 1961, the last of the four events.

Remember · Order: Air India nationalised 1953, Imperial Bank to SBI 1955, Kerala's communist ministry 1957, Goa's liberation 1961.

📘 Read it in NCERT: Class 12 Politics in India since Independence, Ch 2 (practise this chapter) · Class 12 Politics in India since Independence, Ch 7 (practise this chapter)

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2018, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

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