कुनमिंग-मॉन्ट्रियल वैश्विक जैव-विविधता फ्रेमवर्क के उद्देश्य एवं लक्ष्यों की चर्चा कीजिए। उपयुक्त उदाहरण देते हुए इस फ्रेमवर्क के लक्ष्यों और उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए भारत की प्रतिबद्धताओं और पहलों का उल्लेख कीजिए।
Read this question in English
Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India’s commitments and initiatives to achieve the goals and targets of this framework giving suitable examples.
🧭 How to think about this question · directive: “discuss / mention”
Decode the demand
- Two directives: 'discuss the aim and goals' asks for the framework's mission, 2050 goals and the main 2030 targets with their logic; 'mention India's commitments and initiatives' asks for a named list, each tied to a target, with examples.
- The framework in one line: the CBD's post-2020 plan (COP15, December 2022) to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030, replacing the missed Aichi Targets.
- Three things to answer: what the framework aims at, what its goals and headline targets are, and how India has committed on paper and acted on the ground.
- The trap: reciting a scheme list without linking each scheme to a Kunming-Montreal target; the examiner wants the mapping, not the inventory.
Think in a structure
- Open with the adoption date, the mission and the 2050 vision, then turn to India in one clause.
- Goals heading: four goals, then the targets most quoted (30x30, restoration, subsidies, finance), with numbers only in sub-points; a one-line point on how progress is reviewed.
- India heading: a table mapping target → commitment → example is the visual; then points on commitment (NBSAP), conservation, restoration, sustainable use, global voice, gaps.
- End positively: three measures a policymaker can take, then a constitutional anchor, Article 51A(g), as the conclusion.
Facts checked at source (6)· open
- India's updated NBSAP, released at COP16 (Cali, 2024), sets 23 national targets aligned to the Kunming-Montreal framework.PIB — India launches updated NBSAP at CBD COP16 (October 2024) ↗“The updated NBSAP aligns with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, setting 23 national biodiversity targets through an extensive consultative process involving diverse stakeholders.”
- Target 19 seeks at least US$200 billion a year for biodiversity from all sources by 2030.CBD — Kunming-Montreal GBF, Target 19 ↗“Target 19 Mobilize $200 Billion per Year for Biodiversity From all Sources, Including $30 Billion Through International Finance”
- Target 19(a) raises international biodiversity finance to developing countries to at least US$20 billion a year by 2025 and US$30 billion a year by 2030.CBD — Kunming-Montreal GBF, Target 19 ↗“in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition, to at least US$ 20 billion per year by 2025, and to at least US$ 30 billion per year by 2030”
- Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal framework seeks to conserve 30% of land, waters and seas by 2030.CBD — Kunming-Montreal GBF, Target 3 ↗“Target 3 Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas”
- Target 2 seeks to bring 30% of all degraded ecosystems under effective restoration by 2030.CBD — Kunming-Montreal GBF, Target 2 ↗“Target 2 Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems”
- Target 18 seeks to reduce harmful incentives by at least US$500 billion a year by 2030.CBD — Kunming-Montreal GBF, Target 18 ↗“Reduce Harmful Incentives by at Least $500 Billion per Year, and Scale Up Positive Incentives for Biodiversity”
Question: UPSC's CS (Main) 2026, GS Paper III — paper ↗. Guidance: Minimalist IAS, checked 8 Nov 2026 (how we verify). ·
Model answer· 426words · Minimalist IAS
At CBD COP15 in Montreal (December 2022), Parties adopted the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework after none of the Aichi Targets was fully met. Its mission: halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030, towards a 2050 vision of living in harmony with nature. India has rebuilt its national plan around it.
Aim and goals of the framework
- Four 2050 goals: (A) healthy ecosystems and species, (B) sustainable use, (C) fair benefit-sharing, including digital sequence information, (D) finance, capacity and technology for all Parties.
- Twenty-three 2030 targets: reduce threats to nature, meet people's needs through sustainable use, and build the tools and finance for implementation.
- Target 3: conserve 30% of land, waters and seas (30x30); Target 2: bring 30% of degraded ecosystems under restoration.
- Target 18: cut harmful incentives and subsidies by at least US$500 billion a year.
- Finance (Target 19): US$200 billion a year from all sources by 2030, including international flows of US$20 billion by 2025 and US$30 billion by 2030.
- Accountability: every Party updates its NBSAP, reports nationally, and faces a global review of collective progress.
India's commitments and initiatives
| Framework target | India's commitment | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 30x30 conservation | Protected areas, Ramsar sites, OECMs | Project Tiger, Project Cheetah, Amrit Dharohar |
| 30% restoration | 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 | Green India Mission, MISHTI, Aravalli Green Wall |
| Benefit-sharing | Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023 | People's Biodiversity Registers, ABS |
| Sustainable consumption | Mission LiFE | Natural farming, Green Credit Programme |
- Commitment: the updated NBSAP released at COP16 (Cali, 2024) sets 23 national targets mirroring the global 23.
- Conservation: tiger and elephant reserves, Project Cheetah at Kuno, Ramsar wetlands under Amrit Dharohar, community reserves counted towards 30x30.
- Restoration: Green India Mission, MISHTI for mangroves, Nagar Van Yojana, Aravalli Green Wall, towards 26 million hectares restored by 2030.
- Sustainable use and sharing: People's Biodiversity Registers by Biodiversity Management Committees, simplified access and benefit-sharing under the 2023 Act, Mission LiFE as everyday practice.
- Global voice: International Big Cat Alliance; insistence that developed countries deliver Target 19 finance and technology.
- Gaps: finance, weak species and invasive-species data, forest diversion for linear infrastructure.
Way forward
- Count OECMs: notify sacred groves and community conserved areas as Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures, reaching 30x30 without displacing people.
- Mainstream biodiversity: cumulative impact assessment and wildlife corridors built into every infrastructure clearance.
- Fund the local tier: state budgets and green credits for Biodiversity Management Committees, so registers drive real benefit-sharing.
Article 51A(g) makes protecting forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife a citizen's duty; delivering India's 23 targets by 2030 means turning that duty into funded local action under the Kunming-Montreal compass.
Prepared by Minimalist IAS to the answer standard of Shivam Singh (mentor, 7 years) · facts checked against official sources (how we verify) · updated 8 Nov 2026. UPSC publishes no model answers: compare your structure and coverage with this, then write your own.
