भारतीय कृषि किस प्रकार खाद्य के अभाव से खाद्य-अतिरेक स्तर तक रूपान्तरित हुई है ? भारतीय कृषि के विविधीकरण हेतु की गई विभिन्न सरकारी नीतियों का वर्णन कीजिए।
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How Indian agriculture has been transformed from food scarcity to food surplus level ? Explain the various government policies implemented for diversification of Indian agriculture.
🧭 How to think about this question · directive: “how / explain”
Decode the demand
- Two directives: 'how' asks you to trace a process with causes and results; 'explain' asks you to set out the diversification policies with their purpose. Two headings, neither can be thin.
- The issue in one line: a country that imported wheat in the 1960s now holds record stocks, but the surplus rests on rice and wheat, so the state now pays to move farmers away from them.
- Three things to answer: the drivers of the turnaround (technology, prices, institutions, allied sectors), the record result, and the policies for crops, allied sectors and enablers.
- The trap: writing a Green Revolution essay and listing scheme names at the end. Each policy needs the problem it answers; the turnaround needs the limit it created.
Think in a structure
- Open with the scarcity image and one verified output number, then the turn: surplus that is narrow.
- Part one as a timeline plus points on seed-water-fertiliser, MSP-FCI, credit and research, dairy; one data sub-point under each where verified.
- Part two as a table (direction, policy, aim) so the examiner sees coverage at a glance, then points that give the reason behind each policy and one state model.
- End positively: measures a policymaker can act on now, then M.S. Swaminathan's 'evergreen revolution' as the anchor.
Facts checked at source (3)· open
- Third Advance Estimates put 2025-26 foodgrain output at a record 376.563 million tonnes.PIB — Third Advance Estimates 2025-26 (27 May 2026) ↗“According to the Third Advance Estimates, the country’s total foodgrain production is estimated at 376.563 million tonnes”
- Third Advance Estimates 2025-26 (PIB): rice a record 154.024 million tonnes, wheat 120.657, maize a record 55.093, Shree Anna (millets) 17.584 million tonnes.PIB — Third Advance Estimates of production of major crops, 2025-26 (Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare) ↗“estimated at a record 154.024 million tonnes, wheat at 120.657 million tonnes and maize at a record 55.093 million tonnes. Production of Shree Anna is estimated at 17.584 million tonnes”
- Cabinet approved the National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds on 3 October 2024: seven years (2024-25 to 2030-31), ₹10,103 crore, for rapeseed-mustard, groundnut, soybean, sunflower and sesamum, towards self-reliance in edible oils.PMO (pmindia.gov.in) — Cabinet approves National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds (3 October 2024) ↗“The Mission will be implemented over a seven-year period, from 2024-25 to 2030-31, with a financial outlay of Rs 10,103 crore. The newly approved NMEO-Oilseeds will focus on enhancing the production of key primary oilseed crops such as Rapeseed-Mustard, Groundnut, Soybean, Sunflower, and Sesamum”
Question: UPSC's CS (Main) 2026, GS Paper III — paper ↗. Guidance: Minimalist IAS, checked 8 Nov 2026 (how we verify). ·
Model answer· 551words · Minimalist IAS
In the mid-1960s India lived 'ship to mouth' on PL-480 wheat imports; the Green Revolution made it self-sufficient in foodgrains (NCERT), and the Third Advance Estimates place 2025-26 output at a record 376.563 million tonnes. The surplus is real but rests on two cereals, which is why diversification is now the policy task.
How agriculture moved from food scarcity to food surplus
- 1965: Agricultural Prices Commission, FCI
- mid-1960s: HYV wheat and rice
- 1970: Operation Flood
- 2007: National Food Security Mission
- 2023: International Year of Millets
- Seed-water-fertiliser package: high-yielding wheat and rice with assured irrigation and chemical fertiliser raised yield per hectare, not area.
- First phase (mid-1960s to mid-1970s) confined to Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu; later phases spread wider (NCERT).
- Assured prices and buyer: MSP through the Agricultural Prices Commission and procurement by FCI (both 1965) made adoption profitable and low-risk.
- Buffer stocks and PDS: the state stored the marketed surplus and distributed it, insuring the country against monsoon failure.
- Institutional support: bank credit after nationalisation, cooperatives, ICAR and state agricultural universities, and extension to carry the technology.
- M.S. Swaminathan adapted Norman Borlaug's dwarf wheat to Indian fields.
- Allied revolutions: Operation Flood raised milk output about twelve-fold between 1951 and 2021 (NCERT); Yellow and Blue revolutions widened the basket.
- Verghese Kurien's Anand-pattern cooperatives organised dairy farmers around their own processing plants.
- Result and its limit: record rice 154.024, wheat 120.657 and maize 55.093 million tonnes in 2025-26, but gains concentrated in irrigated rice-wheat belts.
Government policies for diversification of Indian agriculture
| Direction | Policy | Aim |
|---|---|---|
| Nutri-cereals | Shree Anna push, International Year of Millets 2023 | Nutrition, dryland resilience |
| Oilseeds, pulses | NMEO-Oilseeds (2024-25 to 2030-31, ₹10,103 crore); NFSM-pulses | Import substitution |
| Horticulture, allied | MIDH; National Livestock Mission, PM Matsya Sampada, Rashtriya Gokul Mission | Higher value, income beyond crops |
- Crop Diversification Programme (RKVY): incentives in Green Revolution states to replace paddy with maize, pulses and oilseeds, saving groundwater.
- Haryana's Mera Pani Meri Virasat scheme incentivises farmers to replace paddy with less water-intensive crops.
- Edible-oil self-reliance: NMEO-Oilseeds targets mustard, groundnut, soybean, sunflower and sesamum to cut the import bill.
- Millets as Shree Anna: output of 17.584 million tonnes in 2025-26, promoted through research, branding and public procurement.
- Odisha Millets Mission: a state model reviving millets in tribal districts through local procurement and consumption.
- Horticulture and value chains: MIDH for fruit and vegetables; PM Kisan SAMPADA for processing; FPOs for scale; e-NAM for price discovery.
- Allied diversification: livestock, fisheries and beekeeping missions give income streams less exposed to monsoon and price shocks.
- Sustainability enablers: Per Drop More Crop under PMKSY and natural farming cut water and input stress that paddy created.
- Limit: MSP with open-ended procurement still favours rice and wheat, so incentives are not yet crop-neutral.
Way forward
- Crop-neutral incentives: assured procurement for pulses, oilseeds and millets so diversification pays as paddy does.
- Price water and power: metered electricity with direct transfer of the subsidy, rewarding farmers who save water in the Punjab-Haryana belt.
- Demand-side pull: millets and pulses in PDS, mid-day meals and ICDS to anchor a market the farmer can trust.
- Market infrastructure: cold chains, FPO aggregation and e-NAM for the perishables that diversification creates.
The Green Revolution answered hunger; the next task is M.S. Swaminathan's 'evergreen revolution', productivity without ecological harm, which diversification towards millets, pulses and edible-oil self-reliance by 2030-31 can deliver.
Prepared by Minimalist IAS to the answer standard of Shivam Singh (mentor, 7 years) · facts checked against official sources (how we verify) · updated 8 Nov 2026. UPSC publishes no model answers: compare your structure and coverage with this, then write your own.
