निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा/कौन-से कथन सही है/हैं?
- 1.अभिसरण मॉडल राष्ट्रों को आर्थिक प्रगति के तीन चरणों में विभाजित करता है।
- 2.अभिसरण सिद्धांत के केन्द्र में श्रम और उत्पादकता के बीच अंतराल को पाटना सम्मिलित है।
- 3.प्रौद्योगिकी-अग्रणी देश विभिन्न आर्थिक युगों में प्रायः पहले पहुँचे हैं।
- 4.यहाँ प्रस्तुत अभिसरण सिद्धांत द्वारा तय की गई कालावधि का विस्तार, यथा वर्णित, 4012200 वर्ष का है।
नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर उत्तर चुनिए।
Read this question in English
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. The convergence model divides nations into three phases of economic progress.
2. At the heart of the convergence theory is the closing of the gap between labour and productivity.
3. Technology leaders typically have arrived earlier at different economic eras.
4. The time period covered by the convergence theory presented herein encompasses, as mentioned, 4012200 years.
Select the answer using the code given below.
(a) 2 and 4 · (b) 2 and 3 · (c) 3 only · (d) 1, 3 and 4
उत्तर और व्याख्या · explanation in English
Answer: (b) 2 और 3
UPSC's official answer: (b) · the answer UPSC accepted, and the one that counts in the exam
Also defensible: (c)
- Statement 3 holds: leaders develop each new technology first and 'during the breakaway phase, the per capita income of the technology leaders' rises 'but is unchanged for the technology followers', who arrive later 'in the catch-up phase'.
- Statement 2 is the doubtful one. The passage speaks of countries closing 'their labour-productivity gap with the technology leader', a gap in labour productivity between countries. The statement speaks of 'the gap between labour and productivity', which is a different, and meaningless, gap.
- UPSC's provisional key treats 2 as a clumsy paraphrase of the opening sentence and accepts it, giving (b); read as written, 2 misstates the passage and only 3 survives, giving (c).
- Statements 1 and 4 fail on either reading: the model 'divides economic eras into three phases', not nations; and three million, one million, 12 thousand and 200 years ago are points on one timeline, not spans that add up to 4,012,200.
UPSC's provisional key accepts statement 2 as a paraphrase of the first sentence; read literally it misstates the passage, which gives (c). In the exam, match a clumsy paraphrase to the passage's idea unless it clearly contradicts the passage.
This box is Minimalist IAS's analysis, with its sources; it does not change UPSC's answer.
UPSC's key accepts statements 2 and 3. Statement 3 holds because the leaders develop and profit from each new technology before the followers adopt it. Statement 2 paraphrases the passage's opening sentence: the theory is about how countries close their labour-productivity gap with the leader. Statement 1 confuses eras with nations, and statement 4 wrongly adds up dates that lie on one timeline.
- ✗ 1. The model divides economic eras into three phases and economic entities into two categories (leaders and followers); it does not sort nations into phases.
- ✓ 2. The passage opens with the process by which countries 'close their labour-productivity gap with the technology leader'; gap-closing is the heart of the theory, and the key reads the statement as that idea.
- ✓ 3. Leaders gain from each new technology first (their per capita income rises in the breakaway phase); followers reach the same era later, in the catch-up phase.
- ✗ 4. Three million, one million, 12 thousand and 200 years ago are points on one timeline, so the span is about three million years; adding them to 4,012,200 is wrong.
Remember · Read the exact noun each claim is about: the model divides eras (not nations) into phases; dates on one timeline are never added.
Question and answer: UPSC's provisional GS Paper II (2026, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 1 Oct 2026 (how we verify). ·