उपर्युक्त परिच्छेद के सन्दर्भ में, निम्नलिखित पूर्वधारणाएँ बनाई गई हैं :
- I.निगमित पूँजीवाद श्रमिक बल की वृद्धि करता है और रोज़गार के अधिक अवसर प्रदान करता है ।
- II.जनसंख्या के निर्धन लोग और वे लोग जो हाशिये पर हैं, अधोमुखी धन-स्राव प्रभाव (ट्रिकल-डाउन इफेक्ट) के कारण निगमित पूँजीवाद द्वारा लाभान्वित होते हैं ।
उपर्युक्त पूर्वधारणाओं में से कौन-सी वैध है/हैं ?
Read this question in English
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
I. Corporate capitalism promotes the growth of labour force and provides more employment opportunities.
II. Poor and marginalized sections of population are benefited by corporate capitalism due to trickle-down effect.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) I only · (b) II only · (c) Both I and II · (d) Neither I nor II
उत्तर और व्याख्या · explanation in English
Answer: (c) I और II दोनों
Why not the tempting option · UPSC's key accepts both assumptions. The tempting objection to II is that the passage's route to the poor is State revenue spent on welfare, not a market 'trickle-down'; but the statement is testing whether the author assumes the marginalised benefit from corporate capitalism, and the passage plainly does, through jobs and through revenue-funded welfare. In the exam, read a named 'effect' in its broad sense unless the passage contradicts it.
The author credits corporate capitalism with generating jobs and with producing State revenue that funds welfare for the marginalised. Both the employment benefit (I) and the benefit that reaches the poor from corporate growth (II) are built into the argument, so UPSC's key accepts both.
- ✓ I The passage says corporate capitalism 'generates jobs', shifts workers from agriculture to industry and services, and is the only way to fix unemployment; a growing, better-employed workforce is taken for granted.
- ✓ II A vibrant corporate base yields 'additional revenues for the State' that can fund 'greater welfare for the marginalized'. The author assumes the gains of corporate growth reach the poor, which is the trickle-down idea in its broad sense.
Remember · When an author lists the benefits of something, assumptions that restate those benefits in other words are usually valid.
Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper II (2025, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 1 Oct 2026 (how we verify). ·