Industry, infrastructure & investment

Answer: (c) NITI Aayog

The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) was created in 2016 within NITI Aayog to build a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, from school tinkering labs to start-up incubators.

• ✓ (c) AIM describes itself as 'Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), NITI Aayog', set up in 2016; its best-known programmes are Atal Tinkering Labs in schools and Atal Incubation Centres.
• ✗ (a) The Department of Science and Technology runs its own innovation schemes (such as NIDHI), but AIM is not housed there.
• ✗ (d) The Skill Development ministry handles skilling schemes such as PMKVY; the word 'entrepreneurship' in its name is the trap.

Remember · Atal Innovation Mission (2016) sits in NITI Aayog: Atal Tinkering Labs (schools), Atal Incubation Centres, Atal New India Challenges.

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2019, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink · Report an error

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Both statements are correct. The 2018 amendment (G.S.R. 235(E), 16 March 2018) added 'fixed term employment workman' as a category for all sectors, which the Labour Ministry described as giving employers flexibility, and the standing orders, as amended, excuse notice of termination for temporary workmen.

• ✓ 1. A fixed-term workman is engaged on a written contract for a fixed period, and the amended rules say no notice or pay in lieu is due when such a contract expires without renewal. So the employer can let the engagement end at expiry instead of retrenching a permanent employee. The Labour Ministry itself stated the aim as flexibility for employers, while giving the worker the same statutory benefits as a regular worker in proportion to service.
• ✓ 2. The 2018 amendment itself (G.S.R. 235(E), para 13 of Schedule I) says no notice of termination of employment is necessary for a temporary workman, whether monthly-rated, weekly-rated or piece-rated, or for probationers and badli workmen. (Under the model orders in Schedule IA, a temporary workman with three months' service gets two weeks' notice only if terminated outside the terms of his contract.)
• • Since then The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 has since been folded into the new Labour Codes. On 21 November 2025 the Government consolidated 29 labour laws into four Labour Codes, and fixed-term employees now become eligible for gratuity after one year of service (PIB).

Remember · The 2018 amendment made fixed-term employment available in all sectors, with benefits proportionate to permanent workmen. Temporary workmen need no termination notice under the standing orders.

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2019, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 1 Oct 2026 (how we verify). Permalink · Report an error

Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Second Plan (1956-61) made heavy and capital-goods industries the core of its strategy, and the Fourth Plan (1969-74) set out to reduce the concentration of income, wealth and economic power. UPSC's key treats statement 3 as wrong.

• ✓ 1. The Second Plan document stresses that basic and capital goods industries are 'major determinants of the rate of growth' and says it is desirable to go farthest in developing heavy and capital goods industries. This was the industrialisation strategy of the Second Plan.
• ✓ 2. The Fourth Plan document says that benefits of development must reach the less privileged and there should be 'progressive reduction of the concentration of incomes, wealth and economic power'. It also noted no sign of any reduction in that concentration so far.
• ✗ 3. UPSC's official key treats this statement as incorrect; we could not confirm the detail from an official source, so we do not explain it here.

Remember · Second Plan: heavy and capital-goods industry. Fourth Plan: reduce concentration of wealth and economic power.

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2019, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 1 Oct 2026 (how we verify). Permalink · Report an error