Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India’s commitments and initiatives to achieve the goals and targets of this framework giving suitable examples.
Approach · directive: “discuss / mention”
What it asks · Explain the Kunming-Montreal framework's mission, 2050 goals and 2030 targets, and show through examples how India is committing to and implementing them.
The question has 2 parts — answer each
- Discuss the aim and goals of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: mission, 2050 goals, 2030 targets
- Mention India's commitments and initiatives towards its goals and targets, with suitable examples
Open with · Adopted at CBD COP15 in December 2022, the framework aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030, towards a 2050 vision of living in harmony with nature.
Cover
- Four 2050 goals: (A) ecosystems and species, (B) sustainable use, (C) fair benefit-sharing, including digital sequence information, (D) adequate means of implementation.
- Twenty-three 2030 targets, including 30% of land and sea conserved (30x30), 30% of degraded areas under restoration, and cutting harmful subsidies.
- India's commitment: updated National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2024) with 23 national targets; Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023.
- Conservation: Project Tiger and Elephant, Project Cheetah, expanding Ramsar sites (Amrit Dharohar), community and conservation reserves.
- Restoration: Green India Mission, MISHTI for mangroves, Nagar Van Yojana, Aravalli Green Wall; target of restoring 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030.
- Sustainable use and benefit-sharing: People's Biodiversity Registers, access and benefit-sharing, natural farming, Mission LiFE.
- Gaps: finance, data, pressure from infrastructure and invasive species; India stresses finance and technology from developed countries.
Close with · India's targets mirror the global framework; delivery depends on finance, local communities and mainstreaming biodiversity in every sector.
Add value (verified)
- India's updated NBSAP, released at COP16 (Cali, 2024), sets 23 national targets aligned to the Kunming-Montreal framework. PIB — India launches updated NBSAP at CBD COP16 (October 2024) ↗“The updated NBSAP aligns with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, setting 23 national biodiversity targets through an extensive consultative process involving diverse stakeholders.”
Question: UPSC's CS (Main) 2026, GS Paper III — paper ↗. Approach: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify) — UPSC publishes no model answers. ·
Model answer · 212 words (UPSC limit 150) · Minimalist IAS
Adopted at CBD COP15 in December 2022, the Kunming-Montreal framework aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030, towards a 2050 vision of living in harmony with nature.
Aim and goals
- Four goals for 2050: (A) healthy ecosystems and species, (B) sustainable use, (C) fair benefit-sharing, including from digital sequence information, and (D) adequate finance, capacity and technology.
- Twenty-three targets for 2030, notably conserving 30% of land and sea (30x30), placing 30% of degraded areas under restoration and cutting harmful subsidies.
India's commitments and initiatives
- Commitment: the updated NBSAP released at COP16 (2024) sets 23 national targets aligned to the framework; the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023 revised the domestic law.
- Conservation: Project Tiger and Project Elephant, Project Cheetah, growing Ramsar sites under Amrit Dharohar, community and conservation reserves.
- Restoration: Green India Mission, MISHTI for mangroves, Nagar Van Yojana and the Aravalli Green Wall, towards restoring 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030.
- Sustainable use and sharing: People's Biodiversity Registers, access and benefit-sharing with local communities, natural farming and Mission LiFE for sustainable consumption.
- Gaps: finance, data, and pressure from infrastructure and invasive species; India presses developed countries for finance and technology.
India's targets mirror the global framework; delivery depends on finance, local communities and mainstreaming biodiversity in every sector.
Written by Minimalist IAS from facts checked at source (how we verify) — a little fuller than exam length, so every part of the question is covered; in the hall, keep the structure and trim the detail. UPSC publishes no model answers: compare your structure and coverage with this, then write your own.