भारत के सांस्कृतिक इतिहास के सन्दर्भ में, निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए :
- 1.त्यागराज की अधिकांश कृतियाँ भगवान कृष्ण की स्तुति के भक्ति गीत हैं ।
- 2.त्यागराज ने अनेक नए रागों का सृजन किया ।
- 3.अन्नमाचार्य और त्यागराज समकालीन हैं ।
- 4.अन्नमाचार्य कीर्तन भगवान वेंकटेश्वर की स्तुति के भक्ति गीत हैं ।
उपर्युक्त कथनों में से कौन-से सही हैं ?
Read this question in English
With reference to cultural history of India, consider the following statements:
1. Most of the Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs in praise of Lord Krishna.
2. Tyagaraja created several new ragas.
3. Annamacharya and Tyagaraja are contemporaries.
4. Annamacharya kirtanas are devotional songs in praise of Lord Venkateshwara.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only · (b) 2 and 4 only · (c) 1, 2 and 3 · (d) 2, 3 and 4
उत्तर और व्याख्या · explanation in English
Answer: (b) केवल 2 और 4
Tyagaraja created new ragas, and Annamacharya's kirtanas praise Lord Venkateswara of Tirumala, so 2 and 4 are correct. The two composers are separated by about three centuries.
- ✗ 1. UPSC's official key treats this statement as incorrect; we could not confirm the detail from an official source, so we do not explain it here.
- ✓ 2. The Ministry of Culture's CCRT notes that later composers like Tyagaraja invented many beautiful ragas, following the scheme of 72 melakartas.
- ✗ 3. Annamacharya belongs to the Tallapaka composers of the 15th century. Tyagaraja was one of the Musical Trinity born between 1750 and 1850, so they lived centuries apart.
- ✓ 4. Annamacharya of Tallapaka composed over thirty-two thousand devotional sankeerthanas on Lord Venkateswara of Tirumala, his family deity.
Remember · Tyagaraja: Trinity of Carnatic music, new ragas. Annamacharya (15th century, Tallapaka): sankeerthanas on Venkateswara of Tirumala.
Sources
- CCRT, Ministry of Culture: Carnatic Classical Music (Internet Archive copy) ↗ “later composers like Tyagaraja invented many a beautiful raga by following it. … The Talapakam composers of the 15th century were the first to compose kirtanas with the sections, pallavi, anupallavi and charanas.”
- District YSR (Kadapa), Government of Andhra Pradesh: Tallapaka ↗ “On Lord Venkateswara of Tirumala, his FAMILY DEITY he composed more than Thirty two thousand devotional hymns – Sankeerthanas.”
Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2018, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 1 Oct 2026 (how we verify). ·