‘जीवन-निर्धनता’ से लेखक का क्या तात्पर्य है?
Read this question in English
What does the author mean by ‘poverty of a life’?
(a) All deprivations in a human life which stem not only from lack of income but lack of real opportunities · (b) Impoverished state of poor people in rural and urban areas · (c) Missed opportunities in diverse personal circumstances · (d) Material as well as non-material deprivations in a human life which restrict human choices permanently
उत्तर और व्याख्या · explanation in English
Answer: (a) मानव-जीवन में वे सभी वंचनाएँ जो केवल आय की कमी से ही नहीं, बल्कि वास्तविक अवसरों की कमी से उत्पन्न होती हैं
The author says poverty of a life lies “not merely in the impoverished state in which the person actually lives, but also in the lack of real opportunity” to choose other ways of living. That means deprivation from lack of income and from lack of real opportunities together.
- ✓ (a) Matches both halves of the definition: the impoverished state and “the lack of real opportunity given by social constraints as well as personal circumstances”.
- ✗ (b) Covers only the first half (the impoverished state), and the rural–urban angle is not in the passage.
- ✗ (c) Only a fragment: personal circumstances are one source of lost opportunity, and the impoverished state is left out.
- ✗ (d) “Permanently” is added; the passage speaks of restricting choices, never of a permanent restriction.
Remember · For ‘what does the author mean by’ items, find the defining sentence and pick the option covering all its parts — nothing added.
Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper II (2022, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). ·