Consider the following infrastructure sectors:
- 1.Affordable housing
- 2.Mass rapid transport
- 3.Health care
- 4.Renewable energy
On how many of the above does UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative focus for its investments?
Answer & explanation
Answer: (c) Only three
UNOPS ran the S3i initiative to invest directly in infrastructure in developing countries, and named three areas: affordable housing, renewable energy and health. Mass rapid transport was not one of them.
- ✓ 1. Affordable housing was a core S3i area. The independent review of S3i lists social-housing loans for projects in Kenya, Ghana, India and Antigua and Barbuda.
- ✗ 2. Mass rapid transport was not among S3i's declared investment areas.
- ✓ 3. Health was one of the three areas UNOPS itself named for S3i, alongside affordable housing and renewable energy.
- ✓ 4. Renewable energy was the third area. S3i's first investment, in August 2018, went to a wind project in Mexico.
Remember · UNOPS S3i invested in affordable housing, renewable energy and health infrastructure. Mass rapid transport was not among its areas.
Sources
- UNOPS, Statement to the first regular session of the Executive Board, 2022 ↗ · reference work “critical national infrastructure needs, such as affordable housing, renewable energy and health. This is represented by our pilot Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative.”
- UNOPS Executive Board: Executive Summary, Third-party review of S3i oversight mechanisms (2022) ↗ · reference work “This included USD 15 million in total for social housing projects in Kenya, Ghana, India, and Antigua and Barbuda, and USD 15 million for renewable energy portfolio.”
Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2023, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). ·