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Prelims · Geography · 46 questions

Minerals, energy & industry

Every UPSC Prelims question on this topic, 2016–2026, newest first. Tap an option to check yourself; the answer and explanation open below it.

Minerals, energy & industry questions per year: 2016: 4, 2017: 0, 2018: 2, 2019: 1, 2020: 3, 2021: 0, 2022: 3, 2023: 6, 2024: 2, 2025: 6, 2026: 1 Asked in 9 of 11 years · most in 2025 (6)

UPSC syllabus: “Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.” See the full syllabus →

Showing 31–46 of 46, newest first.

Prelims 2020 · Q92

Medium

Consider the following minerals:

  1. 1.Bentonite
  2. 2.Chromite
  3. 3.Kyanite
  4. 4.Sillimanite

In India, which of the above is/are officially designated as major minerals?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (d) 2, 3 and 4 only

Chromite, kyanite and sillimanite are major minerals, which the Central Government regulates and the Indian Bureau of Mines tracks in its national mineral inventory. Bentonite is not a major mineral; it is treated as a minor mineral, which States regulate.

  • ✗ 1. The Indian Bureau of Mines states that bentonite has been declared a minor mineral under Section 3(e) of the MMDR Act, 1957, so its production is reported to the States, not to IBM, and it is not counted as a major mineral.
  • ✓ 2. Chromite, the ore of chromium, is a major (metallic) mineral and is listed in the national mineral inventory.
  • ✓ 3. Kyanite is a major mineral and is listed in the national mineral inventory.
  • ✓ 4. Sillimanite is a major mineral and is listed in the national mineral inventory.

Remember · Chromite, kyanite and sillimanite are major minerals tracked in the national mineral inventory; bentonite, a clay, is not a major mineral.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2020, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2020 · Q94

Medium

With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements:

  1. 1.At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government.
  2. 2.Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas.
  3. 3.Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

Statements 2 and 3 are correct; statement 1 is not. Urea, India's main fertiliser, is sold at a maximum retail price fixed by the Government, so the retail price of chemical fertilizers is not wholly market-driven.

  • ✗ 1. Urea is sold to farmers at a statutorily notified Maximum Retail Price, whatever its cost of production. Only phosphatic and potassic fertilizers (under the Nutrient Based Subsidy scheme) have prices set by the companies, so 'not administered' is not true for fertilizers in general.
  • ✓ 2. Ammonia is made from hydrogen and nitrogen, and natural gas is the main source of the hydrogen (steam reforming). Ammonia is then reacted to make urea.
  • ✓ 3. India's elemental sulphur output is largely recovered as a by-product at petroleum refineries. It is turned into sulphuric acid, which is used to make phosphoric acid from rock phosphate.

Remember · Urea has a Government-fixed MRP; P&K prices are company-set under the NBS scheme. Ammonia comes from natural gas; by-product sulphur comes from refineries.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2020, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2019 · Q26

Easy

In the context of which one of the following are the terms ‘pyrolysis and plasma gasification’ mentioned?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (d) Waste-to-energy technologies

Pyrolysis and plasma gasification are waste-to-energy technologies: they treat waste (such as plastics and municipal solid waste) at high temperature and turn it into fuel oil or syngas that can generate power.

  • ✓ (d) In pyrolysis, waste is heated (400-600°C) without oxygen to give pyrolysis oil and gas. In plasma gasification, a plasma arc above 3000°C turns waste into syngas, which can run gas engines to make electricity.
  • ✗ (a) Rare earth elements are recovered from ores by mining and chemical processing, not by these thermal waste treatments.
  • ✗ (b) Natural gas extraction uses drilling and hydraulic fracturing; neither term belongs there.
  • ✗ (c) Hydrogen vehicles run on fuel cells or hydrogen engines; pyrolysis and gasification are not vehicle technologies.

Remember · Pyrolysis (heating waste without oxygen) and plasma gasification (waste to syngas in a plasma arc above 3000°C) are waste-to-energy routes for plastics and solid waste.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2019, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2019 · Q34

Medium

Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of ‘methane hydrate’?

  1. 1.Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits.
  2. 2.Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic Tundra and under the seafloor.
  3. 3.Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Answer & explanation

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

All three statements are correct. Methane hydrate is an ice-like solid holding methane, found in Arctic permafrost and in sea-floor sediments; it releases methane when it warms, and methane that reaches the air lasts about a decade before it is oxidised to carbon dioxide.

  • ✓ 1. Methane hydrate is stable only at low temperature and high pressure. Warming makes the hydrate release its methane, which is why global warming could trigger releases.
  • ✓ 2. Gas hydrates occur in huge quantities in marine sediments just below the sea floor and in association with permafrost in the Arctic.
  • ✓ 3. Methane is short-lived in the air: it lasts about a decade on average (IPCC AR6 gives 11.8 years). It is broken down by oxidation, ending as carbon dioxide and water.

Remember · Methane hydrate = methane locked in ice-like crystals under permafrost and seabed. Warming can release it; airborne methane lasts about 12 years and then oxidises to CO2.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2019, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2019 · Q48

Easy

Consider the following statements:

  1. 1.Coal sector was nationalized by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi.
  2. 2.Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis.
  3. 3.Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (a) 1 only

Only statement 1 is correct. Coking coal mines were nationalised in 1971-72 and non-coking coal mines in 1973, while Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister. Coal blocks are given out by competitive auction, not by lottery, and India still imports coal.

  • ✓ 1. The Central Government nationalised private coal mines in two phases: coking coal mines in 1971-72 and non-coking coal mines in 1973 (Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973). Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977.
  • ✗ 2. Blocks are now allotted through competitive bidding, that is auctions, conducted by the Nominated Authority under the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015. There is no lottery.
  • ✗ 3. India is not self-sufficient. It still imports coking coal and high-grade thermal coal that its domestic reserves do not supply in sufficient quantity.

Remember · Coal was nationalised in 1971-73 under Indira Gandhi; blocks are now auctioned (not lotteried), and India still imports coking coal.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2019, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2019 · Q62

Medium

With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements:

  1. 1.Sand is a 'minor mineral' according to the prevailing law in the country.
  2. 2.State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government.
  3. 3.State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (a) 1 and 3 only

Statements 1 and 3 are correct; statement 2 is wrong. The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 lists ordinary sand as a minor mineral, and it is the State Government, not the Centre, that makes the rules for granting minor mineral leases (section 15) and for preventing illegal mining (section 23C).

  • ✓ 1. Section 3(e) of the MMDR Act defines minor minerals as building stones, gravel, ordinary clay and ordinary sand (other than sand used for prescribed purposes), plus any mineral the Centre notifies as minor.
  • ✗ 2. Section 15 says the State Government may make rules for regulating the grant of quarry leases, mining leases and other concessions for minor minerals. The rule-making power lies with the State, not the Centre.
  • ✓ 3. Section 23C lets the State Government make rules for preventing illegal mining, transportation and storage of minerals.

Remember · Minor minerals (including ordinary sand) are regulated by States: they frame the leasing rules (s.15) and the anti-illegal-mining rules (s.23C). The Centre only notifies which extra minerals count as minor.

Sources

  • MMDR Act, 1957, section 3(e) (Ministry of Mines) ↗ “means building stones, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand other than sand used for prescribed purposes, and any other mineral which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be a minor mineral … The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for regulating the grant of … The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for preventing illegal mining, transportation and storage of minerals”

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2019, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2019 · Q74

Medium

Consider the following statements:

  1. 1.Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) is the first regulatory body set up by the Government of India.
  2. 2.One of the tasks of PNGRB is to ensure competitive markets for gas.
  3. 3.Appeals against the decisions of PNGRB go before the Appellate Tribunals for Electricity.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

Statements 2 and 3 are correct. The PNGRB Act, 2006 aims to promote competitive markets in petroleum and natural gas, and appeals against the Board's orders go to the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity. PNGRB is not the first regulator set up by the Government: the Reserve Bank of India, for one, dates from 1935.

  • ✗ 1. The PNGRB Act was passed in 2006, whereas the Reserve Bank of India, a regulator of banking, was established on 1 April 1935. PNGRB is therefore far from the first regulatory body.
  • ✓ 2. The Act's stated purpose includes promoting competitive markets, and the Board's functions include protecting consumers by fostering fair trade and competition among entities and regulating pipeline access to ensure fair competition.
  • ✓ 3. Under section 30 of the PNGRB Act, the tribunal that hears appeals against Board orders is the same one that the Electricity Act, 2003 (section 110) created, now known as APTEL.

Remember · PNGRB (Act of 2006) regulates downstream petroleum and natural gas, promotes competitive markets, and its appeals go to the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2019, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2018 · Q27

Hard

Consider the following statements:

  1. 1.In India, State Governments do not have the power to auction non-coal mines.
  2. 2.Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand do not have gold mines.
  3. 3.Rajasthan has iron ore mines.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (d) 3 only

Only statement 3 is correct. Rajasthan does produce iron ore, whereas State Governments do hold the auction of mineral concessions and both Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand have gold mines.

  • ✗ 1. Since the 2015 amendment of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, mineral concessions are granted by the State Governments and only through auction.
  • ✗ 2. Jharkhand has a working private gold mine at Kunderkocha in Singhbhum East district. Andhra Pradesh has a gold mining lease in Kurnool district (Jonnagiri), so both States have gold mines, even though Karnataka produces about 99% of India's gold.
  • ✓ 3. Rajasthan does have iron ore mines. In 2021-22 Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Jharkhand gave about 96% of India's iron ore, and the rest came from Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

Remember · States conduct the auction of mineral concessions (MMDR Act, 2015). Gold mines: Karnataka mainly, also Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh. Rajasthan has iron ore.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2018, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2018 · Q67

Medium

With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements:

  1. 1.India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in photovoltaic units.
  2. 2.The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Neither statement is correct. India is not a leading maker of silicon wafers; the wafers and ingots used in solar cells are still largely imported. Solar tariffs in India are found through competitive bidding, not fixed by the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), which only conducts the bidding and buys the power as an intermediary.

  • ✗ 1. Ingots and wafers, the first step of the solar supply chain, remain heavily import-dependent in India, so it is not the world's third-largest wafer maker.
  • ✗ 2. SECI conducts tariff-based reverse bidding and acts as an intermediary procurer. The tariff is discovered by bidders under Government of India guidelines issued under Section 63 of the Electricity Act, 2003.

Remember · In India solar tariffs come from competitive (reverse) auctions run by agencies like SECI; SECI does not set them. Wafer manufacturing is still import-dependent.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2018, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 1 Oct 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2017 · Q22

Medium

It is possible to produce algae based biofuels, but what is/are the likely limitation(s) of developing countries in promoting this industry?

  1. 1.Production of algae based biofuels is possible in seas only and not on continents.
  2. 2.Setting up and engineering the algae based biofuel production requires high level of expertise/technology until the construction is completed.
  3. 3.Economically viable production necessitates the setting up of large scale facilities which may raise ecological and social concerns.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Answer & explanation

Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

Algae for fuel are grown on land, in open ponds or closed photobioreactors, often on non-arable land with non-potable water, so statement 1 is false. The real hurdles for a developing country are the engineering know-how needed and the very large scale (land, water, nutrients, CO2) needed to make it pay.

  • ✗ 1. Algae are cultivated on land in open raceway ponds, attached-growth systems and closed photobioreactors; non-arable land is listed as one of the resources for growing them.
  • ✓ 2. Designing cultivation systems that keep resource use and costs low while keeping productivity high, and then harvesting and processing the biomass, needs advanced technology and skills.
  • ✓ 3. An algal biofuel industry has to scale up to use a large amount of land, water, nutrients and CO2, which can compete with other uses and raise ecological and social concerns.

Remember · Algal (third-generation) biofuel: grown on land in ponds or photobioreactors, even on non-arable land with saline or waste water; the limits are technology and the scale needed to be viable.

Sources

  • US Department of Energy, Bioenergy Technologies: Algal Production ↗ “grow algae viably include non-arable land, non-potable water, waste nutrient streams, waste carbon dioxide, sufficient sunlight, and supporting infrastructure to access downstream processing operations. Development of an algal biofuel industry requires scaling up to use a significant amount of these resources. … open ponds, attached growth systems, and closed photobioreactors. Cultivation systems must minimize resource use and costs while maximizing productivity.”

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2017, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2017 · Q27

Easy

The term ‘Domestic Content Requirement’ is sometimes seen in the news with reference to

Answer & explanation

Answer: (a) Developing solar power production in our country

Under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, some solar projects had to use Indian-made solar cells and modules. These Domestic Content Requirements (DCR) were challenged by the United States at the WTO, which is why the term was in the news before 2017.

  • ✓ (a) In 2013 the US sought WTO consultations on India's domestic content requirements for solar cells and modules under the National Solar Mission; the panel found the DCR measures gave imported cells and modules less favourable treatment.
  • ✗ (b) Licensing of foreign TV channels is governed by uplinking and downlinking guidelines, not by a 'domestic content requirement'.
  • ✗ (d) Campuses of foreign universities are a question of education regulation; the DCR debate concerned locally made solar equipment.

Remember · Domestic Content Requirement (DCR) = mandatory use of Indian-made solar cells and modules under the National Solar Mission; the US won the WTO case (DS456) against it.

Sources

  • WTO, DS456: India — Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules ↗ “the United States requested consultations with India concerning certain measures of India relating to domestic content requirements under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (“NSM”) for solar cells and solar modules. … the Panel found that the discrimination relating to solar cells and modules under the DCR measures is not covered by the government procurement derogation in Article III:8(a) of the GATT 1994.”

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2017, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2016 · Q36

Easy

'Net metering' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of promoting the

Answer & explanation

Answer: (a) production and use of solar energy by the households/consumers

Net metering lets a household or other consumer with a grid-connected rooftop solar system send its surplus power to the grid and offset it against the power it draws. A single two-way meter records both flows, and the consumer is billed (or credited) only for the net amount, which makes rooftop solar more attractive.

  • ✓ (a) Under India's electricity consumer rules, solar energy exported by a 'prosumer' is deducted from energy imported, in kWh, through a single bidirectional meter at the point of supply.
  • ✗ (b) Piped natural gas is metered by gas volume consumed; there is no export back to the network, so 'net' metering does not arise.
  • ✗ (c) CNG kits in cars are about cleaner transport fuel and involve no electricity metering.

Remember · Net metering: one bidirectional meter; rooftop solar exports minus grid imports = net bill. Gross metering: generation and consumption billed separately at feed-in and retail tariffs.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2016, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2016 · Q62

Medium

What is/are the purpose/purposes of 'District Mineral Foundations' in India?

  1. 1.Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts
  2. 2.Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations
  3. 3.Authorizing State Governments to issue licences for mineral exploration

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Answer & explanation

Answer: (b) 2 only

A District Mineral Foundation (DMF) is a non-profit trust in a mining-affected district that works for the interest and benefit of the people and areas affected by mining, funded by contributions from miners. It does not promote exploration or license anyone, so only statement 2 is correct.

  • ✗ 1. Detailed exploration is the job of a different body, the National Mineral Exploration Trust, created by the same 2015 law and funded by a 2% levy on royalty.
  • ✓ 2. The DMF's object is to work for the interest and benefit of persons and areas affected by mining related operations; miners pay into it, up to one-third of the royalty.
  • ✗ 3. A DMF is a welfare trust financed by miners' contributions; it is not a body that authorises States to issue licences.

Remember · DMF (MMDR Amendment Act, 2015): a non-profit trust in each mining-affected district; miners contribute up to one-third of royalty; funds PMKKKY. Exploration is NMET's job (2% of royalty).

Sources

  • Indian Economic Service (Arthapedia): District Mineral Foundation (DMF) ↗ “District Mineral Foundation (DMF) is a trust set up as a non-profit body, in those districts affected by the mining works, to work for the interest and benefit of persons and areas affected by mining related operations. … It is funded through the contributions from miners. … a provision was made also to create a National Mineral Exploration Trust under the jurisdiction of central government, with 2% of royalty as levy, for boosting detailed exploration of minerals”

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2016, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2016 · Q74

Medium

In which of the following regions of India are shale gas resources found?

  1. 1.Cambay Basin
  2. 2.Cauvery Basin
  3. 3.Krishna-Godavari Basin

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Answer & explanation

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

All three basins are assessed to hold shale gas. The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas told Parliament in July 2015 that Cambay, Krishna-Godavari and Cauvery are among the basins where agencies have estimated shale gas resources.

  • ✓ 1. The Cambay Basin (Gujarat) appears in every agency's list of shale gas basins quoted by the Ministry, including the US Geological Survey assessment.
  • ✓ 2. The Cauvery Basin (Tamil Nadu coast) is listed alongside Cambay and Krishna-Godavari in the assessments given to the Rajya Sabha.
  • ✓ 3. The Krishna-Godavari Basin (Andhra Pradesh coast) is also listed; the USGS put recoverable shale gas in these three basins at 6.1 trillion cubic feet.

Remember · Shale gas basins named in official lists: Cambay, Krishna-Godavari, Cauvery (plus Assam-Arakan, Damodar and Ganga valley in some estimates).

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2016, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2016 · Q78

Easy

On which of the following can you find the Bureau of Energy Efficiency Star Label?

  1. 1.Ceiling fans
  2. 2.Electric geysers
  3. 3.Tubular fluorescent lamps

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Answer & explanation

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

All three carry the BEE Star Label. In the Bureau of Energy Efficiency's 2016 list, tubular fluorescent lamps were under mandatory star labelling, while electric storage water heaters (geysers) and ceiling fans were under voluntary labelling.

  • ✓ 1. Ceiling fans were covered by the BEE Star Label under the voluntary scheme.
  • ✓ 2. Electric storage water heaters, that is, electric geysers, were covered under the voluntary scheme.
  • ✓ 3. Tubular fluorescent lamps (tube lights) were labelled under the mandatory scheme.

Remember · BEE Star Label (Standards and Labelling programme, from 2006) rates appliances by energy efficiency; more stars mean less energy used. Fans, geysers and tube lights all carry it.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2016, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

Prelims 2016 · Q96

Medium

Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?

Answer & explanation

Answer: (d) Rajasthan

Rajasthan is the State that proposed an artificial inland shipping port at Jalore, to be linked to the Arabian Sea by a channel along the Kutch Creek. The Ministry of Shipping said in 2015 that a pre-feasibility study would be done by the Rajasthan Government with support from the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI).

  • ✓ (d) The Press Information Bureau (13 August 2015) records a proposal from the Government of Rajasthan for an inland shipping port at Jalore, connected to the Arabian Sea by a channel along the Kutch Creek.
  • ✗ (a) Andhra Pradesh has a long coastline and its own sea ports, so it needs no artificial channel to reach the sea.
  • ✗ (b) Chhattisgarh is landlocked, but the government's inland-port proposal of 2015 came from Rajasthan, not Chhattisgarh.

Remember · Rajasthan's proposed Jalore inland port would be joined to the Arabian Sea by a channel along the Kutch Creek; a pre-feasibility study was agreed with IWAI in 2015.

Sources

Question and answer: UPSC's official GS Paper I (2016, Series A) — paper ↗ · answer key ↗. Explanation: Minimalist IAS, checked 30 Sept 2026 (how we verify). Permalink ·

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